新生儿身体里存的维生素 K 很少,不补可能出血,晚出现的那种常常是脑子里出血。塔什干没普遍做这种预防,每 10 万个新生儿有 478 个出这种血。做了预防,估计能少掉七成八以上。在家生或在不正规机构生的,要主动问一句打了没有。
看收益、证据和原始出处
花掉什么
0 元到几十元。这笔钱通常已经包含在住院生孩子的费用里,不用另外交
换回什么
新生儿体内存的维生素 K 很少。不补充可能出现维生素 K 缺乏性出血,晚出现的那一种常常表现为颅内出血(脑子里出血)。比利时的共识建议是「出生时肌肉注射 1 或 2 毫克维生素 K 一次」。在没有系统提供预防的地区,维生素 K 缺乏性出血的发生率是每 10 万人 478 例。这个数字来自塔什干的 4.2 万名新生儿。作者估计,做了预防可以使发生率下降「高于 78.5%」
Moon RY, Carlin RF, Hand I, Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and the Committee on Fetus and Newborn (2022). Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2022 Recommendations for Reducing Infant Deaths in the Sleep Environment. Pediatrics, 150(1), e2022057990. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-057990
奶粉不是无菌的,可能带一种细菌,新生儿感染后四成到八成会死。先倒热水,等降到约 73.8 ℃ 再放奶粉,多数情况下能把这种菌杀到原来的十万分之一以下。热水会让维生素 C 少一些,但测过的奶粉仍够标准。冲好放凉再喂,喝剩的倒掉。
看收益、证据和原始出处
花掉什么
不花钱。每次多等几分钟把奶放凉。难在孩子饿得哭的时候,也要等水温降下来再冲
换回什么
奶粉不是无菌的,可能带阪崎克罗诺杆菌。新生儿感染后的病死率,报告为 40% 到 80%。实验研究显示:先把热水倒进奶瓶,等水温降到约 73.8 ℃ 再加奶粉,绝大多数情况下奶液温度还在 70 ℃ 以上。这样可以让这种菌减少 5 个对数级以上,降到原来的十万分之一以下。热水的代价在维生素 C 上。世卫和联合国粮农组织 2006 年开过专家会议。会上看到的数据是:用开水冲,只有维生素 C 明显减少,4 种奶粉减少 5.6% 到 65.6%。奶粉出厂时维生素 C 本来就多加了。减得最多的那种,冲好后每 100 千卡仍有 9.0 毫克,高于国际食品法典标准的下限 8 毫克。会议只看到这一项研究,所以没有就此下结论
原始出处
Beary MA, Daly SE, Baker J, Snyder AB (2025). Assessing Hot Water Reconstitution Instructions and Labeling of Powdered Infant Formula to Ensure Cronobacter spp. Reduction. Journal of Food Protection, 88(9), 100571. doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100571;Sima WG, Legesse T, Girma S, et al. (2025). Emerging microbial risks: Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula for infants under six months of age in Ethiopia. BMC Microbiology, 26, 307. doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04380-y;World Health Organization & FAO (2007). Safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula: guidelines. who.int/publications/i/item/9789241595414;Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (2022). Recommendations for the hygienic preparation of powdered infant formula. Updated BfR Opinion No. 009/2022. doi.org/10.17590/20220510-104706;Agostoni C, Axelsson I, Goulet O, et al. (2004). Preparation and handling of powdered infant formula: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 39(4), 320-322. doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200410000-00002;Silano M, Paganin P, Davanzo R (2016). Time for the 70 °C water precautionary option in the home dilution of powdered infant formula. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 42, 17. doi.org/10.1186/s13052-016-0228-9;Losio MN, Pavoni E, Finazzi G, et al. (2018). Preparation of Powdered Infant Formula: Could Product's Safety Be Improved? Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 67(4), 543-546. doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002100
Pantell RH, Roberts KB, Adams WG, et al. (2021). Evaluation and Management of Well-Appearing Febrile Infants 8 to 60 Days Old. Pediatrics, 148(2), e2021052228. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-052228;NICE (2019, 2021 更新). Fever in under 5s: assessment and initial management (NG143), 1.2.12. nice.org.uk/guidance/ng143/chapter/Recommenda…
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Kemper AR, Newman TB, Slaughter JL, et al. (2022). Clinical Practice Guideline Revision: Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation. Pediatrics, 150(3), e2022058859. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-058859;NHS. Jaundice in babies(2026-03-24 审阅). nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn;NICE (2010, 2023 修订). Jaundice in newborn babies under 28 days (CG98), 1.2.6、1.7.1. nice.org.uk/guidance/cg98/chapter/Recommendat…;Bhutani VK, Zipursky A, Blencowe H, et al. (2013). Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and Rhesus disease of the newborn: incidence and impairment estimates for 2010 at regional and global levels. Pediatric Research, 74(Suppl 1), 86-100. doi.org/10.1038/pr.2013.208;Hsiao CH, Chang MH, Chen HL, et al. (2008). Universal screening for biliary atresia using an infant stool color card in Taiwan. Hepatology, 47(4), 1233-1240. doi.org/10.1002/hep.22182;Lee M, Chen SC, Yang HY, et al. (2016). Infant Stool Color Card Screening Helps Reduce the Hospitalization Rate and Mortality of Biliary Atresia: A 14-Year Nationwide Cohort Study in Taiwan. Medicine, 95(12), e3166. doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000003166;国家卫生计生委 (2017). 国家基本公共卫生服务规范(第三版),0~6 岁儿童健康管理服务规范. nhc.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2017/04/201…
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母乳里维生素 D 很少,婴儿又不宜多晒太阳,所以要每天补。土耳其农村没补的孩子一年里有 3.8% 得了佝偻病,补了的一个都没有。量按医生说的给。正常足月的孩子 6 个月以内一般不用另外补钙。
看收益、证据和原始出处
花掉什么
维生素 D 滴剂一瓶几十元,每天滴一次。难在要天天记着,至少喂到 1 岁
换回什么
Cochrane 2020 年的综述说,母乳里的维生素 D 含量低,只吃母乳的婴儿容易不够。美国儿科学会说,孩子在外面待久了要防晒,所以所有婴儿都要补维生素 D。国家卫健委 2020 年的喂养核心信息写的是:「婴儿从出生开始,应当在医生指导下每天补充维生素D 400-800国际单位」。同一段还写着:「正常足月婴儿出生后6个月内一般不用补充钙剂」。2016 年的佝偻病全球共识有 11 个国际学术组织参加。共识说,每天 400 IU(10 微克)足以预防佝偻病。所有婴儿从出生到 12 个月都要补,不管吃母乳还是吃配方奶。这是强推荐,证据质量中等。土耳其东北部农村一项研究里,每天补 400 IU 的孩子没有人得佝偻病。没补的孩子,12 个月里新得佝偻病的占 3.8%。共识还说,全世界没有每天按时补 400 IU 的婴儿拍片确诊佝偻病的报告。中国 1992 年在南北四个城市做过一项分组研究,每天补 100、200 或 400 IU。到 6 个月,三组都没有孩子得佝偻病。但北方新生儿脐血里的维生素 D 只有南方的约三分之一(12.5 对 35.0 nmol/L)。补得越多,6 个月时的水平越高,作者建议每天补 400 IU
原始出处
国家卫生健康委办公厅 (2020). 婴幼儿喂养健康教育核心信息. gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-08/01/cont…;Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, et al. (2016). Global Consensus Recommendations on Prevention and Management of Nutritional Rickets. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 101(2), 394-415. doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2175;Beser E, Cakmakci T (1994). Factors affecting the morbidity of vitamin D deficiency rickets and primary protection. East African Medical Journal, 71(6), 358-362. europepmc.org/article/MED/7835254;Specker BL, Ho ML, Oestreich A, et al. (1992). Prospective study of vitamin D supplementation and rickets in China. Journal of Pediatrics, 120(5), 733-739. doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80236-7;Tan ML, Abrams SA, Osborn DA (2020). Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD013046. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013046.pub2;American Academy of Pediatrics (2022). Where We Stand: Vitamin D & Iron Supplements for Babies. HealthyChildren.org. healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/feeding-…;Gallo S, Comeau K, Vanstone C, et al. (2013). Effect of different dosages of oral vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in healthy, breastfed infants: a randomized trial. JAMA, 309(17), 1785-1792. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.3404
备注
定 B 是因为防佝偻病的数字来自没有随机分组的比较。Cochrane 2020 年合并了给婴儿补的试验。每天补 400 IU,维生素 D 不足的孩子少约四成(RR 0.57)。但试验都小,看不出佝偻病少没少。收益定中凭判断,因为国内婴儿佝偻病有多常见没查到。吃配方奶的说法不一。美国儿科学会说,每天喝超过约 800 毫升(27 盎司)加了维生素 D 的配方奶,就不用另补。国内核心信息写的是所有婴儿都补,具体按医生说的来。别自己加量:加拿大一项试验里,每天 1600 IU 那组血里维生素 D 太高,提前停了。400 到 1200 IU 几组的长个和骨头没有差别。不缺维生素 D 的成人别为长寿去补,见第 6 节第 3 条(不缺维生素 D 的人)。
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