World Health Organization (2015). WHO Statement on Caesarean Section Rates(WHO/RHR/15.02). who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-RHR-15.02;Keag OE, Norman JE, Stock SJ (2018). Long-term risks and benefits associated with cesarean delivery for mother, baby, and subsequent pregnancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 15(1), e1002494. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002494
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医学上确实需要的时候,剖宫产是救命手术,该做就做,别硬扛。要避免的是医学上并不需要还去开刀,比如怕疼、挑吉时、算孩子上学的年龄。剖宫产是腹部大手术。一篇汇总把剖宫产和顺产比,剖过以后再怀孕,前置胎盘 OR 1.74,高约七成。胎盘植入 OR 2.95,约 3 倍。胎盘早剥 OR 1.38,死胎 OR 1.27。这直接影响你还想不想生第二个。反过来,剖宫产的人以后漏尿、盆腔器官脱垂少一些。这些都来自跟踪记录的研究,作者说不能据此断定是剖宫产造成的
世界卫生组织 2022 年的立场文件汇总了已有研究。孕妇得流感,住院的风险约是没怀孕的人的 7 倍(OR 6.8,95% CI 6–7.7,可信范围)。孟加拉一项试验把 340 名孕妇随机分成两组。一组打流感灭活疫苗,一组打肺炎球菌疫苗作对照,跟到孩子出生后 24 周。打流感疫苗的,孩子确诊流感 6 例,对照 16 例,疫苗效力 63%(95% CI 5–85)。母亲自己发烧加呼吸道病少 36%(95% CI 4–57)。南非两项试验用了安慰剂,医生和孕妇都不知道打的是哪一针。没感染艾滋病的孕妇里,确诊流感从 3.6% 降到 1.8%,效力 50.4%(95% CI 14.5–71.2)。她们的孩子从 3.6% 降到 1.9%,效力 48.8%(95% CI 11.6–70.4)。把 4 项试验和 3 项观察研究合起来算,孩子 6 个月内确诊流感低约 48%(95% CI 33–59)。4 项观察研究看孩子因确诊流感住院,低约 72%(95% CI 39–87)。另一篇汇总只合算两项试验,确诊流感低 34%(95% CI 15–50)。但孩子的「流感样病」没有差别,流感样病就是没化验、只看症状像流感。孕妇自己的住院看四个国家 2010 到 2016 年的病历。因确诊流感住院,打过疫苗的低约 40%(95% CI 12–59)。安全性方面,一篇汇总收了 40 项研究。打过疫苗的死胎 aOR 0.84(0.65–1.08),先天畸形 1.03(0.99–1.07)。这两项差别都在误差范围内。早产 0.87(0.78–0.96),低约 13%。美国查了 2012 到 2015 年三个流感季。流产前 28 天内打过疫苗的 aOR 0.9(0.6–1.5),没有关联。中国疾控中心 2026—2027 年度指南把孕妇列为优先接种人群。它说孕期任何阶段接种都能保护 6 月龄以下的婴儿,孕晚期效果更好。减毒活疫苗孕妇禁止接种
原始出处
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