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把 306 组实验比较合起来算(荟萃分析):换个角度解释发生的事(认知重评)对情绪的效果大小 d = 0.36。站到对方立场看 d = 0.45。转移注意 d = 0.27。压住情绪的外在表现(不表现出来)有效,d = 0.32。硬压住感受无效(d = -0.04),硬不去想那件事也无效(d = -0.12)。这几个数是心里感受、外在表现和身体反应几类指标合起来算的,摘要里没有分开给。另有三项实验显示:惩罚冒犯者的人,事后反而更久地反复想对方;不惩罚的人更快「翻篇」。人们事先高估了报复带来的痛快。
原始出处
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备注
定 B 的理由:都是人数不多的实验室与校园研究。场景是穿衣服、跟陌生人或室友聊天,以及学生小组讨论,讨论刚结束时就问。搬到「被同事议论」「开会说错话过几天还有没有人记得」上,没有直接证据。这些数字只说明高估的方向和大致倍数,没法当系数套。别人的看法也不是都不重要。真正在评价你的场合,比如面试、答辩、考核、体检报告,评价是实打实的,该准备就准备。要打折的只是日常里那种「所有人都在看我」的感觉,那部分要对付的是你自己的估计偏差。
把多项研究合起来算(荟萃分析):45 项研究、N = 11,747,人群为本科生、医学生、社区成人与精神科患者,用的是随机效应模型。下面是与自杀念头的加权平均相关。完美主义担忧 r = .28(95% CI .24–.32,可信范围;42 项研究、7,936 人)。完美主义担忧是一个合集,包括社会规定型完美主义、在意犯错、对行动的怀疑、现实与标准的落差等。其中社会规定型完美主义单独算,也是 r = .28(.25–.32,30 项研究、3,640 人)。完美主义追求 r = .10(.07–.13,31 项研究、4,588 人),它是自我导向的完美主义与个人标准的合集。父母批评 r = .20(.11–.29)。再看与自杀未遂的关系。完美主义担忧 r = .12(.07–.17,15 项研究、5,275 人)。社会规定型完美主义 r = .19(.08–.29,8 项研究、689 人)。再看跟踪一段时间的那部分。把一开始就有的自杀念头扣除后,社会规定型完美主义仍与后来随访时的自杀念头同向变化,幅度不大。自我导向与他人导向的完美主义都看不出关联。
原始出处
Smith MM, Sherry SB, Chen S, Saklofske DH, Mushquash C, Flett GL, Hewitt PL (2018). The perniciousness of perfectionism: A meta-analytic review of the perfectionism-suicide relationship. Journal of Personality, 86(3), 522–542. doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12333
把 154 项研究合起来算(荟萃分析),共 184 组样本、10,189 人。让身体平静下来的办法,比如深呼吸、正念、冥想,能降低怒气和攻击性。效果大小 g = -0.63,95% CI -0.82 到 -0.43(可信范围)。这个结果在不同性别、种族、年龄和文化的人里都稳定。让身体更兴奋的办法,比如打沙袋、慢跑、骑车,整体无效。它的效果大小 g = -0.02,95% CI -0.13 到 0.09。作者的结论是:发泄怒气、去跑一圈,都不是管用的消气办法。
原始出处
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一项分析汇总了 146 项随机分组的研究(荟萃分析)。研究里的人把对自己重要的事写下来或者说出来。平均效果是正的,也显著,但很小,效果大小 r = .075。另一项汇总只收随机对照试验,30 项试验合起来算,身体健康和心理健康两方面都没有显著效果。针对癌症病人和康复者的 16 项随机试验合起来算,心理、身体、生活质量三方面都不显著。其中心理方面 g = 0.04,95% CI -0.06 到 0.14(可信范围)。
原始出处
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