Jha P 等 (2013). 21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. NEJM. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1211128;Chen Z 等 (2015). Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies. Lancet. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00340-2;Oberg M 等 (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8(二手烟那两个数字);Scolaro JA 等 (2014). Cigarette smoking increases complications following fracture: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.M.00081;Nåsell H 等 (2010). Effect of smoking cessation intervention on results of acute fracture surgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.I.00627;Thomsen T 等 (2014). Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002294.pub4(骨折和手术那几个数字)
Öberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Prüss-Ustün A (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet:「603,000 deaths were attributable to second-hand smoke in 2004, which was about 1·0% of worldwide mortality. 47% of deaths from second-hand smoke occurred in women, 28% in children, and 26% in men」,「61% of DALYs were in children」. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8;(2026). The Associations Between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Various Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research:57 项研究,「hypertension (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.40), heart disease (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.50), myocardial infarction (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.84), stroke (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.54)」「Home exposure has a higher risk of CVD than non-home exposure」. doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaf111
Cappuccio FP 等 (2010). Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep. doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.5.585;Yin J 等 (2017). Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. JAHA. doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005947;Windred DP 等 (2024). Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: A prospective cohort study. Sleep. doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad253;Kumar N, Krishnamurthy S (2026). Social jet lag is associated with incident cardiovascular disease independent of sleep duration and cardiac genetic risk. Journal of Internal Medicine. doi.org/10.1111/joim.70133
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要改的是睡得太少和作息乱这两样,不必刻意去压缩睡眠时间。睡得长的人风险高,多半是因果反过来了:抑郁、慢性病、睡眠呼吸暂停会让人睡得多。另外,作息规律这一点目前有两项跟踪研究支持,都是只记录、不分组的,单独看属于 B 级证据。熬夜之后怎么补见本节第 38 条(熬夜之后第二天晚上就补觉)。长期失眠怎么治,见第 3 节第 26 条(长期失眠先做认知行为治疗)。
Diaz KM 等 (2017). Patterns of Sedentary Behavior and Mortality in U.S. Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A National Cohort Study. Annals of Internal Medicine. doi.org/10.7326/M17-0212;Ekelund U 等 (2016). Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1
Malik VS 等 (2019). Long-Term Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Mortality in US Adults. Circulation. doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037401;Mullee A, Romaguera D, Pearson-Stuttard J, et al. (2019). Association Between Soft Drink Consumption and Mortality in 10 European Countries. JAMA Internal Medicine, 179(11), 1479-1490. doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2478
Yamada T, Hara K, Kadowaki T (2013). Chewing betel quid and the risk of metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8(8), e70679. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070679;Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J, Straif K (2014). Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a meta-analysis with implications for cancer control. International Journal of Cancer, 135(6), 1433-1443. doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28643;Akhtar S (2013). Areca nut chewing and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma risk in Asians: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Cancer Causes & Control, 24(2), 257-265. doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-0113-9;Shah K, Boffetta P, Seyyedsalehi MS (2025). Reversal of head and neck cancer risk after the cessation of use of smokeless tobacco and betel quid use: meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 34(5), 619-626. doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-24-1502
Lindson-Hawley N, Banting M, West R, Michie S, Shinkins B, Aveyard P (2016). Gradual Versus Abrupt Smoking Cessation: A Randomized, Controlled Noninferiority Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 164(9), 585–592. doi.org/10.7326/M14-2805;Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. (2023). Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD013308(提前用尼古丁替代品那一段). doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013308.pub2
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争议。Cochrane 原先有一篇专门比这两种办法的综述,结论是两者差不多(RR 0.94,95% CI 0.79–1.13,10 项试验、3760 人),但那篇已于 2019 年撤回、不再更新。所以眼下最好的证据是上面这项随机试验,方向支持一次停。另外那项试验里两组都在戒烟日之前就开始用尼古丁替代品,这个做法本身也有证据:提前用比戒烟日当天才开始,成功率高约 25%(RR 1.25,95% CI 1.08–1.44,9 项试验、4395 人,中等确定性证据)。所以合理的排法是先定日子,提前两周贴上,到日子一次停。
一份持续更新的综述纳入 80 项随机试验、29861 人。含尼古丁的电子烟和尼古丁替代疗法比,戒烟成功率高约 61%(RR 1.61,95% CI 1.23–2.12,这是可信范围;高确定性证据,11 项试验、4114 人)。换成绝对数,大约是每 100 人里多 4 人戒成(多 1 到 7 人)。严重不良事件的发生比例两组大致相当(风险差 0.01,95% CI −0.01 到 0.02,中等确定性证据)。和只有行为支持或没有支持比,高约 75%(RR 1.75,95% CI 1.39–2.20,低确定性证据)。
原始出处
Lindson N, Livingstone-Banks J, Butler AR, et al. (2026). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8, CD010216. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub11;国家烟草专卖局 (2022). 电子烟管理办法(国家烟草专卖局公告 2022 年第 1 号,2022 年 5 月 1 日施行)第十八条:从事电子烟零售业务,要向烟草专卖行政主管部门申领烟草专卖零售许可证。第二十二条:「禁止向未成年人出售电子烟产品。」第二十三条第二款:「任何个人、法人或者其他组织不得通过本办法规定的电子烟交易管理平台以外的信息网络销售电子烟产品、雾化物和电子烟用烟碱等。」第二十六条:「禁止销售除烟草口味外的调味电子烟和可自行添加雾化物的电子烟。」. gov.cn/gongbao/content/2022/content_5697…;World Health Organization (2023-12-14). Urgent action needed to protect children and prevent the uptake of e-cigarettes:「E-cigarettes as consumer products are not shown to be effective for quitting tobacco use at the population level」「it is not recommended that governments permit sale of e-cigarettes as consumer products in pursuit of a cessation objective」「Whilst long-term health effects are not fully understood」. who.int/news/item/14-12-2023-urgent-actio…;Department of Health and Social Care (2023-04-11). Smokers urged to swap cigarettes for vapes in world first scheme:「almost 1 in 5 of all smokers in England will be provided with a vape starter kit alongside behavioural support」. gov.uk/government/news/smokers-urged-to-…;最高人民检察院 (2021). 江苏苏州吴江区:办案检察官揭秘披着潮流外衣的新型毒品:「这种“上头”电子烟内含有被国家整类列管的合成大麻素成分」. spp.gov.cn/spp/zdgz/202110/t20211011_531831.…
Larsson SC, Orsini N (2014). Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology. doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt261;Schwingshackl L 等 (2017). Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.153148;Johnston BC 等 (2019). Unprocessed Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption: Dietary Guideline Recommendations From the NutriRECS Consortium. Annals of Internal Medicine. doi.org/10.7326/M19-1621(争议方 NutriRECS 指南)
每周喝过 100 g 纯酒精以后,喝得越多死得越早。100 g 纯酒精大约是 2.5 L 啤酒。40 岁时每周喝 100–200 g 的人,少活半年左右;喝 200–350 g 的少一两年;超过 350 g 的少四五年。按整体健康算,最划算的量是不喝。
看收益、证据和原始出处
花掉什么
不花钱,还省钱,也不占时间。难在社交场合推酒时的一点尴尬。
换回什么
把 83 项往后跟踪的研究合起来算,只记录、不分组,60 万名在喝酒的人。死亡风险的最低点,在每周不超过 100 g 纯酒精。这个量大约是 5% 的啤酒 2.5 L,或者 40 度白酒 300 mL。40 岁时每周喝 100–200 g 的人,预期寿命少约 6 个月。每周喝 200–350 g 的少 1–2 年。超过 350 g 的少 4–5 年。以上三项原文以寿命年报告。全球疾病负担研究 GBD 2016 把各类健康损失合起来算,风险最低的饮酒量是 0 杯/周。还有一项汇总把研究设计上的偏差校正过了。每天喝 1.3–24 g 的人和一辈子不喝的人比,死亡风险低约 7%(RR 0.93)。但这一项没看出统计上的差别。每天喝 45–64 g 的高约 19%(RR 1.19)。每天 65 g 以上的高约 35%(RR 1.35)。
原始出处
Wood AM 等 (2018). Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X;GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators (2018). Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2;Zhao J 等 (2023). Association Between Daily Alcohol Intake and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. JAMA Network Open. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6185;Di Castelnuovo A 等 (2006). Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Archives of Internal Medicine. doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.22.2437(争议方)
Caputo F, Lungaro L, Costanzini A, De Giorgio R, Addolorato G (2026). Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in hospitalized patients: a practical review. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 107103. doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2026.107103;Bramness JG, Heiberg IH, Høye A, Rossow I (2023). Mortality and alcohol-related morbidity in patients with delirium tremens, alcohol withdrawal state or alcohol dependence in Norway: A register-based prospective cohort study. Addiction, 118(12), 2352–2359. doi.org/10.1111/add.16297
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自己怎么判断:几乎天天喝、一天不喝就手抖出汗心慌睡不着、早上要喝一点才舒服,占一条就别自己硬停。医院的常规做法是用苯二氮䓬类药物把这几天顶过去,同时补硫胺素(维生素 B1)。定 B 级是因为挪威那份队列说的是「得过震颤谵妄的人后来怎么样」,不是「自己硬戒会怎么样」,两者之间是推断。不是劝你继续喝,是让你换个停法,去医院戒。每周喝多少算多见本节第 19 条(少喝或不喝酒),想少喝怎么办见本节第 21 条(先数杯数再找医生)。
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Zhong VW, Van Horn L, Greenland P, et al. (2020). Associations of Processed Meat, Unprocessed Red Meat, Poultry, or Fish Intake With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(4), 503-512. doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6969
Wang X, Liu F, Li J, et al. (2020). Tea consumption and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: The China-PAR project. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 27(18), 1956-1963. doi.org/10.1177/2047487319894685;茶叶霉菌毒素:Cui P 等 (2020). Quantitative analysis and dietary risk assessment of aflatoxins in Chinese post-fermented dark tea. Food and Chemical Toxicology. doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111830;Zhou H 等 (2022). Mycotoxins in Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze): Contamination and Dietary Exposure Profiling in the Chinese Population. Toxins. doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070452;绿茶提取物与肝损伤:Hu J 等 (2018). The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults - Results of a systematic review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.019
一篇综述把 201 项汇总分析又合到一起看,这些汇总底下的原始研究都只记录、不分组。总死亡率这一项,综述引用了其中一篇剂量与效果关系的汇总分析。每天 3–4 杯咖啡的人和不喝的人比,死亡风险低 17%(相对风险 0.83,95% CI 0.79–0.88,这是可信范围)。每天 7 杯时,降幅缩小到 10%(相对风险 0.90,95% CI 0.85–0.96),没有看到风险回升。美国国家健康与营养调查(NHANES)的一项研究,跟踪了 40 725 名成年人,一半人跟踪满了 9.8 年,也是只记录、不分组。研究把喝咖啡的人分成两类。上午型是咖啡集中在 4:00–11:59 喝、下午和晚上几乎不喝的人,占 36%。他们和不喝咖啡的人比,全因死亡风险低 12%(风险比 0.88,95% CI 0.81–0.96)。再扣除睡眠不足和睡眠困难的影响,低 16%(风险比 0.84,95% CI 0.74–0.95)。心血管病死亡风险低 19%(风险比 0.81,95% CI 0.70–0.94)。扣除睡眠影响后,低 31%(风险比 0.69,95% CI 0.55–0.87)。全天型是上午、下午和晚上都喝的人,占 16%。他们的全因死亡风险看不出差别(风险比 0.99,95% CI 0.90–1.10)。两类人的癌症死亡风险都看不出差别。咖啡因的每日上限有官方依据。欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)和加拿大卫生部都把健康成年人的上限定为每天 400 mg。这是所有来源合计,茶、可乐和能量饮料也要算。EFSA 还要求分散在一天里喝,单次不超过 200 mg。一杯咖啡的含量差得很大。EFSA 的表里,200 mL 一杯滤泡咖啡约 90 mg。加拿大卫生部的表里,8 盎司(237 mL)一杯现煮咖啡平均 135 mg。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)的表里,12 盎司(约 355 mL)现煮咖啡含 113–247 mg。所以 FDA 把 400 mg 折成约 2 到 3 杯 12 盎司的咖啡,综述折成约 4 杯。
原始出处
Poole R, Kennedy OJ, Roderick P, et al. (2017). Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ, 359, j5024. doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5024,含更正 BMJ (2018), 360, k194. doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k194(摘要里总死亡率的可信范围由 0.83–0.88 改为 0.79–0.88);Wang X, Ma H, Sun Q, et al. (2025). Coffee drinking timing and mortality in US adults. European Heart Journal, 46(8), 749-759. doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehae871;Yang R, Lei Q, Liu Z, et al. (2024). Relationship between timing of coffee and tea consumption with mortality (total, cardiovascular disease and diabetes) in people with diabetes: the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2014. BMC Medicine, 22, 526. doi.org/10.1186/s12916-024-03736-x;EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2015). Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA Journal, 13(5), 4102. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102;EFSA 咖啡因专题页(每份含量表)efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/caffeine;FDA. Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine Is Too Much? fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilli…;Health Canada. Caffeine in foods. canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nu…;加糖:Liu D, Li ZH, Shen D, et al. (2022). Association of Sugar-Sweetened, Artificially Sweetened, and Unsweetened Coffee Consumption With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. Annals of Internal Medicine, 175(7), 909-917. doi.org/10.7326/M21-2977;Treskes RW, Clausen J, Marott JL, et al. (2023). Use of sugar in coffee and tea and long-term risk of mortality in older adult Danish men. PLOS ONE, 18(10), e0292882. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292882;房颤:Wong CX, Cheung CC, Montenegro G, et al. (2026). Caffeinated Coffee Consumption or Abstinence to Reduce Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA, 335(4), 317-325. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.21056;Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, et al. (2024). 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation, 149(1). doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193
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